Las metáforas animales y la cultura de la violación en la universidad: Una mirada a la violencia sobre las mujeres en los campus de Canadá, España, Australia, México y Estados Unidos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14198/fem.2025.46.14Palabras clave:
Animales, metáfora, universidad, cultura de la violación, teoría de la metáfora conceptual, violencia sobre las mujeres, países de habla inglesa y española, análisis crítico del discursoResumen
Este trabajo estudia las metáforas de animales que forman parte de casos reales de la cultura de la violación en universidades de países anglófonos e hispanófonos. Con este fin, se analizan las metáforas de animales que vertebran varios episodios de violencia sobre las mujeres perpetrados en los campus de Canadá, España, Australia, México y Estados Unidos en las últimas décadas (2000-2024). Se analiza un total de 6 casos. Además de reflejar el (ab)uso de las metáforas animales en el sistema educativo universitario, esta selección se ha hecho teniendo en cuenta los diferentes contextos y medios donde se hallan las metáforas animales dentro del panorama universitario. Algunas metáforas animales aparecen en nombres de fiestas que describen a las estudiantes como «zorras». Otras se hallan en grupos de WhatsApp donde los estudiantes se autoidentifican con animales depredadores para planear una violación grupal. La fauna figurada también forma parte de revistas universitarias y correos electrónicos que representan a las estudiantes como presas que han de ser cazadas. Incluso pintadas en los baños universitarios retratan a las estudiantes como cerdas. Adoptando el enfoque de la Teoría de la Metáfora Conceptual, que subraya el papel esencial que tiene la metáfora tanto en el conocimiento como en el comportamiento, así como el Análisis Crítico del Discurso, que señala la función que tiene la lengua en la (re)producción de ideologías, desigualdades sociales y relaciones de poder, este artículo muestra cómo los estudiantes universitarios recurren al escenario zoomórfico para promover y legitimar la violencia (sexual) sobre las mujeres. Los estudiantes describen a sus compañeras universitarias como «vacas», «focas», «cerdas», «conejas», «gatitas», «zorras» y «polluelos» para sexualizarlas y denigrarlas física, moral e intelectualmente. Además, ellos se identifican con animales depredadores y sementales—lobos, caballos, águilas y buitres—para comprender sus relaciones heterosexuales, explicar sus instintos sexuales y sus comportamientos violentos. Estas metáforas animales que están presentes en la vida universitaria forman parte de la cultura de la violación de las universidades tanto en países de habla inglesa como hispana.
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