Hombres de estado, mujeres de mercado. Los efectos del conservadurismo de izquierdas en política de género durante la transición rumana

Mihaela Miroiu

doi:10.14198/fem.2004.3.14

Autores/as

Mihaela Miroiu National School of Political Sudies and Public Administration. Bucharest, Rumanía

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14198/fem.2004.3.14

Palabras clave:

Room-service feminism, Political is personal, State feminism, Patriarchy, State patriarchy, Power, Empowerment, Post-Communism, Left-wing Conservatism, Gender policies, Sources of male domination, Wage policies, Political feminism

Resumen

In this paper, the author aims to show that the dominant policies in the Romanian post-Communist transition had the effect of leading women towards the market while men were directed towards the State. With the emergence of left-wing Conservatism as the most popular political alternative, the main recipients of redistribution policies were the trade unions of male-dominated State industries. Women were left «to the mercy of the market», while men were protected as «favourite victims» and afforded preferential treatment as «favourite clients». In the absence of a local political feminist movement, these highly unequal gender policies are disguised by a «room-service feminism» due to the Acquis Communautaire. According to the media, Eastern Europe has now entered a post-feminist era. The author argues in favour of a combination between «personal is political» and «political is personal».

Citas

ARNEIL, Barbara: Politics & Feminism, Oxford, Blackwell, 1999.

BACHRACH, Peter and BARATZ, Morton: Power and Poverty, New York, Oxford University Press, 1970.

BARADAT, Leon: Political Ideologies. Their Origins and Impact, Seventh Edition, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 2000.

Barometrul de Gen, Bucureşti, Fundaţia pentru o Societate Deschisă, August 2000.

Barometrul de Opinie Publică, Bucureşti, Centrul de Sociologie Urbană şi Regională CURS, Octombrie, 2003, http: //www.osf.ro/bop/cercetare.html

BELL, Daniel: The End of Ideology. On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in 1950, New York, Free Press, 1965.

BOTEZ, Calipso: «Drepturile femeii în Constituţia viitoare», in Constituţia din 1923 în dezbaterile contemporanilor, Bucureşti, Humanitas, 1990, pp. 96-115.

BORCHORST, Anette: «A Political Niche. Danemark’s Equal Status Council», in Dorothy McBride Stentson and Amy Mazur (eds.): Comparative State Feminism, London, SAGE Publications, 1995, pp. 59-75.

BUCUR, Maria and MIROIU, Mihaela (eds.): Patriarhat şi emancipare în istoria gândirii politice româneşti, Iaşi, Polirom, 2002.

CECIL, Henry: Conservatism, London,Thornton, Butterworth, 1992.

COMISIA NATIONALA DE STATISTICA (CNS): Anuarul Statistic al României, Bucureşti, 2001.

COMISIA NATIONALA DE STATISTICA (CNS): Anuarul Statistic al României, Bucureşti, 2002.

CORRIN, Chris (ed.): «Superwoman» and the Double Burden: Women’s Experience of Change in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, Toronto, Second Story Press, 1992.

DASKALOVA, Krassimira: «Women’s Problems, Women’s Discourses in Bulgaria», in Susan Gal and Gail Kligman (eds.): Reproducing gender. Politics, Publics and Everyday Life after Socialism, Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 2000, pp.337-370.

DICULESCU, Vasile and CHIRCA, Constantin: Coordonate ale sărăciei în România. Dimensiuni şi factori, Bucureşti, Raport UNDP, 1998.

DRAGOMIR, Otilia (coord.): Femei, cuvinte şi imagini, Perspective feministe, Iaşi, Polirom, 2002.

DWORKIN, Andreea: Pornography. Men Possesing Women, London, The Women’s Press, 1981.

EINHORN, Barbara: Cinderela Goes to Market: Citizenship, Gender and Women’ Movements in East Central Europe, London, Verso, 1993.

EISENSTEIN, Zillah: The Radical Future of Liberal Feminism, Boston, Northeastern University Press, 1984.

ELSHTAIN, Jean Bethke, Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought, Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1981.

ESCHLE, Catherine: Feminism, Social Movements and the Globalization of Democracy, Boulder CO, Westview Press, 2001.

FALUDI, Susan: Backlash: The Undeclared War against American Women, New York, Crown, 1991.

FOUCAULT, Michael: Surveiller et punir, Paris, Gallimard, 1975.

FUNK, Nanette and MULLER, Magda (eds.): Gender Politics and Post Communism, New York, Routledge, 1993.

FUSZARA, Malgorzata: «New Gender Relations in Poland in the 1990s», in Susan Gal and Gail Kligman (eds.): Reproducing gender. Politics, Publics and Everyday Life after Socialism, Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 2000, pp. 259-286.

GHEONEA, Elena and GHEONEA, Valentin: «Femeile în propaganda regimului comunist», in Cristina Olteanu (ed.): Femeile în România comunistă, Bucureşti, Politeia, 2003, pp. 52-83.

GOVEN, Joanna: «New Parlament, Old Discourse? The Parental Leave», in Susan Gal and Gail Kligman (eds): Reproducing gender. Politics, Publics and Everyday Life after Socialism, Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 2000, pp. 286-306.

GREER, Germaine: The whole woman, London, Transworld Publishers, 2000.

GRUNBERG, Laura: «Women’s NGO’s in Romania», in Susan Gal and Gail Kligman (eds.): Reproducing gender. Politics, Publics and Everyday Life after Socialism, Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 2000, pp. 307-337.

GRUNBERG, Laura (ed.): Good Practice in Promoting Gender Equality in Higher Education in Central and Eastern Europe, Bucharest, UNESCO-CEPES, 2001.

HARTMANN, Heidi: «The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism», in Lydia Sargent (ed.): Women and Revolution: A Disscution of the Unhappy Marriage of Feminism and Marxism, Boston, South End Press, 1981, pp. 1-41.

HARTSOCK, Nancy: «Foucault on Power. A Theory for Women?», in Linda Nicholson (ed.): Feminism/Postmodernism, Routledge, New York, 1990, pp. 154-172.

HELD, David. Democracy and the Global Order, Standford, Standford University Press, 1995.

HONDERICH, Ted: Conservatism, London, Penguin Books, 1991.

ISAAC, Jeffrey: «Beyond the Three Faces of Power: A Realist Critique», in Thomas Wartenberg: Rethinking Power, New York, State University of New York Press, 1992, pp.32-55.

ISAAC, Jeffrey: The Poverty of Progressivism. The Future of American Democracy in the Time of Liberal Decline, Oxford, New York, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2003.

ISHIYAMA, John T.: «Women’s Parties in Post-Communist Politics» in East European Politics and Societies, 17-2 (2003), pp. 266-304.

JAGGAR, Alison: Feminist Politics and Human Nature, Totowa, N.J. Rowman & Allenheld, 1983.

JOHNSON, Janet Elise and ROBINSON, Jean C. (eds.): «Living with Gender in Postcommunism in Central and Eastern Europe», 2003, unpublished.

KLIGMAN, Gail: Politica duplicităţii. Controlul reproducerii în România lui Ceauşescu , Bucureşti, Humanitas, 1998.

LUKES, Steven: Power. A Radical View, London, Macmillan, 1974.

MACKINNON, Catharine: Towards a Feminist Theory of the State, Cambridge MA, Harvard University Press, 1989.

MACRIDIS, Roy and HULLIUNG, Mark: Contemporary Political Ideology, New York, Harper Collins College Publishers, 1996.

MAGYARI-VINCZE, Eniko: Diferenţa care contează, Cluj Napoca, Desire, 2002.

MANN, Patricia: Micro Politics, Agency in a Post Feminist Era, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994.

MARINESCU, Valentina: Muncile casnice în satul romanesc, Iaşi, Polirom, 2002.

MIHĂILESCU, Ştefania: Din istoria feminismului românesc, Antologie de texte (1838-1929), Iaşi, Polirom, 2002.

MILLER, Jean Baker: «Women and Power», in Thomas Wartenberg: Rethinking Power, New York, State University of New York Press, 1992, first printed in Social Policy, 13-4 (1983), pp. 3-6.

MINOIU, Stelian: «Procesul de sărăcire în România din perspectivă macro-economică» in M. S. Stănculescu (ed): Sărăcia în România, Bucureşti, PNUD, 1999, vol. I, pp.12-46.

MIROIU, Mihaela: Societatea rero, Trei, Bucureşti, 1999.

MIROIU, Mihaela: Guidelines for Promoting Gender Equity in Higher Education in Central and Eastern Europe, Buchurest, UNESCO-CEPES, 2003.

MIROIU, Mihaela: «Despre politica ‘ultimei inegalităţi’» (prefaţă), in Vladimir Pasti: Ultima inegalitate. Relaţiile de gen în România, Iaşi, Polirom, 2003.

MUNTEANU, Aurelian: «Sindicatele şi integrarea în Uniunea Europeană», in Harta actorilor integrării europene, Bucureşti, Fundaţia pentru o Societate Deschisă, 2003 http://www.osf.ro/initiative/harta

OAKESHOTT, Michael: Rationalism in Politics and Other Essays, London, Routledge, 1962.

OKIN, Susan Moller: Justice, Gender and Family, New York, Basic Books, 1989.

PASTI, Vladimir; MIROIU, Mihaela and CODIŢĂ, Cornel: România. Starea de fapt: Societatea, Bucureşti, Nemira, 1998.

PASTI, Vladimir and ILINCA, Cristina: Discriminarea de gen-o realitate a tranziţiei, Raport de Cercetare, Bucureşti, Institutul de Studii ale Dezvoltării, 2001.

PASTI, Vladimir: Ultima inegalitate. Relaţiile de gen în România, Iaşi, Polirom, 2003.

QUINTON, Anthony: «Conservatism», in Robert Goodin and Philip Pettit: A Companiaon to Political Philiosophy, Oxford, Blackwell, 1993, pp. 244-269.

ROBINSON, Jean: «Women, the State and the Need for Civil Society. The Liga Kobiet in Poland», in Dorothy McBride Stetson and Amy Mazur (eds.): Comparative State Feminism, London, Sage Publications, 1995, pp. 203-220.

SANDU, Dumitru: Spaţiul social al tranziţiei, Iaşi, Polirom, 1999.

SCRUTON, Roger: The Meaning of Conservatism, Penguin, Hardmundsworth, 1980.

SHAPIRO, Ian: «Why the poor don’t soak the rich», Daedalus. Journal of the Academy of Arts & Sciences, (2002), pp. 118-128.

SQUIRES, Judith: Gender in Political Theory, Oxford, Polity Press, 1999.

STEGER, Manfred: Globalism: The New Market Ideology, New York, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002.

SUPERSON, Anita and CUDD, Ann: Theorizing Backlash. Philosophical Reflection on the Resistence to Feminism, Oxford, Rowman & Litthefield Publishers, 2002.

TISMANEANU, Vladimir: Reinventarea politicului, Iaşi, Polirom, 1993.

TRONTO, Joan: Moral Boundaries. A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care, New York, Routledge, 1993.

ŢĂRANU, Andrei and HERCIU, Amalia: Femeile în programele partidelor politice româneşti actuale, Raport de cercetare, Bucureşti, SNSPA, 2001.

VASILESCU, Maria Luiza: Evoluţia publică şi privată a feminismului românesc actual, Raport de cercetare, Bucureşti, SNSPA, 2002.

VERDERY, Katherine: «From Parent-State to Family Patriarchs: Gender and Nation in Contemporary Eastern Europe», East European Politics and Societies, 8:2 (1994).

VERDERY, Katherine: What is Socialism and What Comes Next, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1996.

VINCENT, Andrew: Modern Political Ideologies, Oxford, Blackwell, 1992.

VOINEA, Liviu: «Greu de ucis: Industriile tradiţionale româneşti în perspectiva convergenţei la Uniunea Europeană», in Harta actorilor integrării europene, Bucureşti, Fundaţia pentru o Societate Deschisă, 2003 (http://www.osf.ro/initiative/harta).

XENOPOL, Adela: «Drepturile femeii» (1896), in Ştefania Mihăilescu: Din istoria feminismului românesc, Antologie de texte (1838-1929), Iaşi, Polirom, 2002, pp. 104-109.

YEATMAN, Anna: «Feminismul şi puterea , în Shanley , M. L. şi U. Narayan», in Reconstrucţia teoriei politice , Eseuri feministe, Iaşi, Polirom, 1997, pp. 184-189.

YOUNG, Iris Marion: Justice and the Politics of Difference, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1990.

YOUNG, Iris Marion: «Five Faces of Opression», in Thomas Wartenberg: Rethinking Power, New York, State University of New York Press, 1992, pp. 174-195.

ZAMFIR, Cătălin: «Politici sociale de prevenire şi reducere a sărăciei», in Sărăcia în România 1995-1998, volumul II, Bucharest, United Nation Development Project, 1999, pp.82-148.