Patriarcavirus, feminist dystopias and COVID-19: reflections on the phenomenon of gender pandemics
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14198/fem.2021.38.14Palabras clave:
Literatura distópica, Feminismo, Pandemia de género, Utopía patriarcal, COVID-19, PrecariedadResumen
Este ensayo revisa la distopía feminista contemporánea para estudiar la pandemia de género. La narrativa de pandemias de género alegoriza el patriarcavirus y sus secuelas, desencadenando múltiples desastres naturales que torpedean la igualdad de género en la biopolítica global. Como principal objetivo analizaremos la apropiación de la pandemia en el discurso utópico patriarcal para frenar el empoderamiento femenino, que será patologizado como altamente peligroso para el bienestar del Estado. Las novelas exploran así la interdependencia entre biología y socialidad, a través de la vulnerabilidad del cuerpo femenino durante y después de conflictos pandémicos, ya que el patriarcado opera juicios de valor sobre la vida jerárquicamente, reforzando la discriminación por género. En particular, la emergencia de la COVID-19 se analiza como pandemia de género: el machismo exacerbado y la creciente ansiedad de la población femenina son prueba de un patriarcavirus sofocante que las ha amordazado gravemente en el primer año de pandemia.Citas
Achtelik, K. (2020, June 26). Can feminists be blamed for Corona? Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung. Gunda Werner Institute. www.gwi-boell.de/en/2020/06/02/can-feminists-be-blamed-for-Corona
Ahrenfeldt, L. J., Otavova M., Christensen K., & Lindahl-Jacobsen R. (2021). Sex and age differences in COVID-19 mortality in Europe. Wien Klin Wochenschr, 333, 393-398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-020-01793-9
Atwood, M. (1985). The handmaid's tale. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Blakemore, C., & Jennett, S. (2001). Disease. The Oxford companion to the body. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780198524038.001.0001
Blaskó, Z., Papadimitriou, E., & Manca, A. R. (2020). How will the COVID-19 crisis affect existing gender divides in Europe. EU Science Hub: The European Commission's Science and Knowledge Service. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2760/37511
Bloem, J. R., & Salemi C. (2021). COVID-19 and conflict. World Development, 140, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105294
Braidotti, R. (1994). Nomadic subjects: Embodiment and sexual difference in contemporary feminist theory. Columbia University Press.
Braidotti, R. (2002). Metamorphosis. Towards a materialist theory of becoming. Polity Press.
Butler, J. (2020, March 30). Capitalism has its limits. Verso Books. https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/4603-capitalism-has-its-limits
Bwire, G. M. (2020). Coronavirus: why men are more vulnerable to Covid-19 than women? SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine, 2, 874-876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-020-00341-w
Cassese, E. C., Farhart C. E., & Miller J. M. (2020). Gender differences in COVID-19 conspiracy theory beliefs. Politics & Gender, 16(4), 1009-1018. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X20000409
Cockburn, C. (2004). The continuum of violence: a gender perspective on war and peace. In W. Giles & J. Hyndman (Eds.), Sites of violence: Gender and conflict zones (pp. 24-44). University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520230729.003.0002
Cohn, C. (2013). Women and wars: Towards a conceptual framework. In C. Cohn (Ed.), Women and wars (pp. 1-5). Polity Press.
Cook, D. (2020). The New Wilderness. Faber & Faber.
Dalcher, C. (2018). Vox. Berkeley.
Davenport M. H., Meyer S., Meah V. L., Strynadka M. C., & Khurana R. (2020). Moms are not ok: COVID-19 and maternal mental health. Frontiers in Global Women's Health, 1(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgwh.2020.00001
El País. (2020, March 9). Día Internacional de la Mujer: Así te hemos contado las manifestaciones del 8 de marzo en directo. El País. https://elpais.com/sociedad/dia-de-la-mujer/2020-03-08/dia-internacional-de-la-mujer-las-manifestaciones-del-8-de-marzo-en-directo.html
Elison, M. (2014). The book of the unnamed midwife. 47North.
Evans, M. L., Lindauer, M., & Farrell, M. E. (2020). A pandemic within a pandemic: Intimate partner violence during Covid-19. The New England Journal of Medicine, 383(4), 2302-2304. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2024046
Fortier, N. (2020). COVID-19, gender inequality, and the responsibility of the state. International Journal of Wellbeing, 10(3), 77-93. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v10i3.1305
Galindo, M. (2020). Desobediencia, por tu culpa voy a sobrevivir. Sopa de Wuhan. Pensamiento contemporáneo en tiempos de pandemia (pp. 119-128). ASPO.
Gausman, J., & Langer A. (2020). Sex and gender disparities in the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Women's Health, 29(4), 465-466. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2020.8472
Global Health 50/50. (2021, April 27). The COVID-19 Sex-Disaggregated Data Tracker. Global Health 50/50. https://globalhealth5050.org/the-sex-gender-and-covid-19-project/the-data-tracker/
Goldstein, J. S. (2001). War and gender. Cambridge University Press.
Gomel, E. (2000). The plague of utopias: Pestilence and the apocalyptic body. Twentieth-century Literature, 46(4), 406-433. https://doi.org/10.2307/827840
Grosz, E. (1994). Volatile bodies: Towards a corporeal feminism. Indiana University Press.
Hartmann, H. (2017). The unhappy marriage of Marxism and feminism: Towards a more progressive union. In C. R. McCann & S-K. Kim (Eds.), Feminist Theory Reader: Local and Global Perspectives (pp. 214-228). Routledge.
Hernando, A. (2018). La fantasía de la individualidad. Sobre la construcción sociohistórica del sujeto moderno. Traficantes de sueños.
Illiano, E., Trama F., & Costantini E. (2020). Could COVID‐19 have an impact on male fertility? Andrologia, 52(6), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13654
Instituto de la Mujer (España). (2020). La perspectiva de género, esencial en la respuesta a la COVID-19. Instituto de la Mujer y para la Igualdad de Oportunidades. https://www.inmujer.gob.es/diseno/novedades/IMPACTO_DE_GENERO_DEL_COVID_19_(uv).pdf
Jin, J-M., Bai, P., He, W., Wu, F., Liu X-F., Han D-M., Liu S., & Yang J-K. (2020). Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: focus on severity and mortality. Frontiers in Public Health, 8 (152), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00152
Kang, J. (2019, September 2). Conversation: Larissa Lai. Medium, Sine Theta Magazine. https://sinethetamag.medium.com/conversation-larissa-lai-73e0a19d7196
Katz, L. (2015). The orchid nursery. Lacuna.
Kopel, J., Perisetti, A., Roghani, A., Aziz, M., Gajendran, M., & Gajendran, H. (2020). Racial and gender-based differences in COVID-19. Frontiers in Public Health, 8(418), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00418
Lai, L. (2018). The Tiger Flu. Arsenal Pulp Press.
Liu, N., Zhang, F., Wei, C., Jia, Y., Shang, Z., Sun, L., Wu, L., Sun, Z., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., & Liu, W. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in china hardest-hit areas: gender differences matter. Psychiatry Research, 287, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112921
Lorenzini, D. (2021). Biopolitics in the time of Coronavirus. Critical Inquiry, 47(S2), S40-45. https://doi.org/10.1086/711432
Mackintosh, S. (2018). The Water Cure. Anchor.
Mannering, L. (2020, May 29). Spain's right wing sees Coronavirus crisis as opportunity. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/29/spain-right-wing-coronavirus-crisis-opportunity-feminism-women-rights-protest-march-8m/
Melamed, J. (2017). Gather the daughters. Tinder Press.
Méndez-Giménez, A., Cecchini, J. A., Fernández-Río, J., & Carriedo, A. (2021). Physical activity and prevention of depressive symptoms in the Spanish population during confinement due to COVID-19. Psicothema, 33(1), 111-117. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2020.294
Ministerio de Igualdad (España). Guía de actuación para mujeres que estén sufriendo violencia de género en situación de permanencia domiciliaria derivada del estado de alarma por COVID-19. Delegación del Gobierno contra la Violencia de Género. https://violenciagenero.igualdad.gob.es/informacionUtil/covid19/GuiaVictimasVGCovid19.pdf
Moylan, T. (1986). Demand the impossible: Science fiction and the utopian imagination. Methuen.
Nast, H. J., & Pile, S. (1998). Introduction: MakingPlacesBodies. In H. J. Nast and S. Pile (Eds.), Places through the body (pp. 1-14). Routledge.
O'Neill, L. (2014). Only ever yours. Quercus.
Pando-Canteli, M. J., & Aurrekoetxea-Casaus, M. (2020). Prácticas discursivas feministas: Análisis de los lemas de la manifestación del 8M en Bilbao. Feminismo/s, 36, 205-229. https://doi.org/10.14198/fem.2020.36.09
Paracer, S., & Ahmadjian, V. (2000). Symbiosis: An introduction to biological associations. Oxford University Press.
Peterman, A., Potts, A., O'Donnell, M., Thompson, K., Shah, N., Oertelt-Pirigione, S., & van Gelder, N. (2020, April 1). Pandemics and violence against women and children. Center for Global Development. https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/pandemics-and-vawg-april2.pdf
Porta, M. (2018). Chronic disease. In J. M. Last (Ed.), A dictionary of public health. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780191844386.001.0001
Preciado, P. B. (2020, March 28). Aprendiendo del virus. El País, https://elpais.com/elpais/2020/03/27/opinion/1585316952_026489.html
Qian, Y., & Fuller, S. (2020). COVID-19 and the gender employment gap among parents of young children. Canadian Public Policy, 46(S2), S89-S101. https://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2020-077
Reichelt M., Makovi, K., & Sargsyan, A. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on gender inequality in the labor market and gender-role attitudes. European Societies, 23, S228-S245. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1823010
Shak, B. (2018). Before She Sleeps. Delphinium.
Sharma, G., Volgman A. S., & Michos, E. D. (2020). Sex differences in mortality from COVID-19 pandemic: Are men vulnerable and women protected? JACC: Case Reports, 2(9), 1407-1410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.04.027
Small Arms Survey. (2012, February). Femicide: A global problem. Small Arms Survey Research Notes, 14. http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/H-Research_Notes/SAS-Research-Note-14.pdf
The New American Bible. (2002). The Holy See. http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0839/_INDEX.HTM
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2019). Global study on homicide: Gender-related killing of women and girls. UNODC. https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/gsh/Booklet_5.pdf
UN Women. (2020, May 27). Impact of COVID-19 on violence against women and girls and service provision: UN women rapid assessment and findings. UN Women Data Hub. https://data.unwomen.org/publications/impact-covid-19-violence-against-women-and-girls-and-service-provision-un-women-rapid
UN Women. (2020, June 26). COVID-19 and gender monitor. UN Women Data Hub. https://data.unwomen.org/resources/covid-19-and-gender-monitor
UN Women. (2020). COVID-19 and conflict: Advancing women's meaningful participation in ceasefires and peace processes. UN Women. https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2020/08/policy-brief-covid-19-and-conflict
UN Women. (2021). Strengthening gender measures and data in the COVID-19 era: An urgent need for change. UN Women. https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2021/03/strengthening-gender-measures-and-data-in-the-covid-19-era
UN Women, UNICEF & ILO. (2020). Family-friendly policies and other good workplace practices in the context of COVID-19: Key steps employers can take. UN Women. https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2020/03/family-friendly-policies-and-other-good-workplace-practices-in-the-context-of-covid-19
Usher, K., Bhullar, N., Durkin, J., Gyamfi N., & Debra, J. (2020). Family violence and COVID‐19: Increased vulnerability and reduced options for support. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29, 549-552. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12735
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Constitution. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/about/who-we-are/constitution
World Health Organization. (2020, May 14). Gender and COVID-19: Advocacy brief. IRIS World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332080
Young, A. (2020, April 17). Pandemic set to worsen gender inequalities, UN warns [video]. France 24. https://www.france24.com/en/20200417-51percent-pandemic-set-to-worsen-gender-inequalities-un-warns
Zamberlan, A., Gioachin F., & Gritti, D. (2021). Work less, help out more? The persistence of gender inequality in housework and childcare during UK COVID-19. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2021.100583
Descargas
Estadísticas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2021 Almudena Machado-Jiménez
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.